Objective-The objective of the present study was to define electrocardiographic data following Intranasal administration of diazepam, midazolam and xylazine with or without Ketamine in Chough. Design-To determine the heart effects of anesthetics in Intranasal administration, an experimental in vivo study was employed. Animals-Ten healthy Choughs were examined in the current study Procedures-After Intranasal administration of diazepam, midazolam and xylazine with or without ketamine, electrocardiograms were recorded by a direct writing electrocardiograph. Then the heart rate, durations (seconds-s) and amplitude (millivolts-mv) of the P wave, QRS complex and T wave all measured in the bipolar II derivation Results-There was a normal sinus rhythm after application of all drugs or combinations. The range of the heart rate of the birds was from 93 to321 beats/min. The P wave was always positive in all recorded leads after administration. During anesthesia or sedation with all drugs, the T wave was positive in leads I, II, III and aVF and negative in leads aVR, and aVL. The amplitude and duration of P, QRS and T waves were changed after Intranasal administration of all drugs or combinations. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance-Based on the electrocardiographic findings it seems that the xylazine is not a suitable drug to induce sedation and anesthesia of choughs via Intranasal administration. Therefore, xylazine must be used for birds when its antagonists are accessible.

The immunogenicity of ten different formulations of Intranasal diphtheria and tetanus vaccines which containing different absorption enhancers, adjuvants and other excipients were determined in guinea pigs by the serum neutralization (SN) method. From these ten formulations, it was selected four formulations which gave significant immunogenicity in guinea pigs. In order to design the "final formulation" composition of these four formulations investigated properly and. final formulations designed accordingly and tested in human volunteers. The parenteral and Intranasal diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DT) vaccines were tested in two groups of human volunteers, and serological responses were estimated in both groups (The parenteral DT vaccine containing aluminum phosphates as an adjuvant). Our results showed very good serological responses (p <0.01) in both groups of human volunteers. It can be concluded that the Intranasal vaccination can be a good alternate in the field of vaccination.

Introduction & Objective: The manner of injection in premedication medicine plays very important role in decreasing or increasing of animal's stress, disregulating of heart rate, body temperature and respiratory. Therefore, this study has performed in order to investigation of difference in usage from Acepromazine as nasal and muscular in the rabbit.Material & Methods: 12 rabbit divided to 2 equal groups. In the first group, Acepromazine was used with the dose 1.2 mg/kg of body weigth as nasal. And, in the second group, Acepromazine was used with the same dose as muscular. For getting more volume and diluting of medicine, Acepromazine injected with normal saline in the ratio of weight volume and on the basis of 0.5 mlit/kg of the body weight.Results: The mean of temperature degree in the testing group at the times of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 60 minute did not show significant difference with the control group. The mean of respiration rate in the testing group at the 0 and10 time show significant difference with the control group but at 20, 30 and 60 minute did not show significant difference with the control group.Conclusion: The use acepromazine as Intranasal as intramuscular don’t show difference in respiratory rate, and temperature.

Introduction & Objective: Induction of anesthesia in children can be a challenge for anesthetist. A stormy induction may increase the personality & behavioral changes. Therefore, it is desirable that they enter the operating room sedated. Many drugs are used for preanesthetic medication and there are many routes for administration. One route of administration is nasal mucous. In this study we compared the effect and side effect of three drugs (midazolam, ketamin and fentanyle) after intra nasal administration.Materials & Methods: This is a double blind clinical trial. In this study we selected 60 patients (20 patients for every group A, B or C.) We used 3 mg/kg ketamin or 3µg/kg fentanyle or 0.3 mg/kg midazolam by Intranasal spray. After administration and in 5, 10 and 15 minutes, we observed the SPO2, PR and RA. After 15 min's we separated children from parents and brought them to the operating room and controlled the acceptance of separation, depth of sedation with Ramsay score, acceptance of mask and tolerance of IV canulation. The data were then analyzed using K2 and kruskal-wallis test.Results: In our study we found that in SPO2 fentanyle had the highest rate of reduction even though none of the children had SPO2 lower than 90%.There were no differences between drugs in RA. In fentanyle group, we had the lowest rate and in ketamin group the highest rate. Midazolamhad the medium rate. The rate of sedation for acceptance of separation from parents had no difference between the groups and all drugs with this dosage were effective for this aim. However, in Ramsay score, acceptance of mask and tolerance of IV canulation, the midazolam was more effective than the others.Conclusion: Intranasal administration of midazolam is a safe route for sedation in children in the pre-anesthetic time.

Introduction: Among several tuberculosis vaccine candidates for replacement of BCG, ESAT-6 protein has a special role. Since mycobacterium tuberculosis infection most often attacks the lungs, Intranasal rout can be regarded as appropriate methods for tuberculosis vaccines and drug delivery. One of the appropriate systems for Intranasal vaccine delivery is using biodegradable nanoparticles. Among biodegradable polymers, chitosan polymer has great features to increase the response of immunity system.  This study aimed to investigate the specific humoral immune response of mice model after encapsulation of recombinant ESAT-6 antigen in chitosan nanoparticles. Methods: The chitosan nanoparticles containing ESAT-6 antigen were synthesized by ionic gelation. Nanoparticle properties including morphology, particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation rates, and protein release were measured in vitro. The immunization was performed through the nose for 3 times on days 0 and 14 and 28. 2 weeks after last administration, blood samples were collected and specific IgG titers were measured by indirect ELISA.Results: The nanoparticles synthesized had appropriate properties. The mean size of resulting nanoparticles was 242.8 nm by excellent antigen loading capacity (95.23 %). The vitro release of antigen from nanoparticles after 200 hours was detected as 67.5%. The Level of IgG antibody showed significant increase in the group that had received chitosan nanoparticles containing ESAT-6 compared with other groups.Conclusion: ESAT-6 protein was encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles successfully. administration of chitosan nanoparticles can be a suitable method for administration of humoral immunity antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis through Intranasal rout.

Introduction: Experiments in rodents and humans suggest that short-term Intranasal insulin administration, which is known to reach the brain, does not affect peripheral glucose concentration under diabetic conditions. Methods: In this work, we provide evidence for the effect of Intranasal insulin (10 IU/rat/day for 3 or 10 days) on serum insulin and glucose in streptozotocin-diabetic male rats using insulin measurements in the brain and periphery and a serum glucose assay 18 hours after three or ten days of nasal insulin administration. Results: Our findings revealed peripheral insulin increased and glucose level decreased in the diabetic male rats. Based on insulin kinetics, it seems that brain insulin directly or indirectly regulates serum insulin and glucose metabolism under diabetic conditions. Conclusion: Our results may suggest an insight into the therapeutic benefits of nasal insulin in diabetes.

Safe and effective sedation methods are as much momentous for small birds as for other animals not only for surgical procedures but also for safe handling and diagnostic and clinical procedures such as radiography, wound dressing, blood collection, and fracture repair procedures. This study intended to conduct a clinical evaluation of sedation efficacy in the Intranasal administration of acepromazine in Pigeons. Thirty healthy adult domesticated Pigeons of both sexes, weighing 311.33 ± 24.46 grams were used in this study. They were randomly segregated into three groups (n = 10/group). Acepromazine 0.5 mg/kg, Acepromazine 1 mg/kg, and diazepam 5 mg/kg were administered Intranasally respectively in these three groups; using a micropipette. The onset time and duration of sedation time were measured and recorded. Also, heart rate and blood oxygen saturation before drug administration and after sedation time were measured and recorded. There was no statistically significant difference in heart rate and blood oxygen saturation between groups (p ˃ 0.05), but this study showed that Intranasal drug administration could provide fast and reliable sedation in Pigeons, and also Intranasal diazepam administration made the fast onset of sedation but acepromazine administration (at the dose of 1 mg/kg) can provide long and adequate sedation (p < 0.05). So, for long-time diagnostic therapeutic procedures utilization of acepromazine is recommended.